Since taking office, President Trump has donated his salary of $400,000 to different departments in the government. Note: werequested comment from the White House and will update the piece if there is a response. The White House has over 400 employees and their salaries range from $30,000 to $400,000. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2023 Nexstar Media Inc. All rights reserved. Get the Android Weather app from Google Play, WHNT News 19 Sales Team Broadcast and Digital, Best smart home devices for older users, according, How to get started on spring cleaning early, according, Worried about your student using ChatGPT for homework? The House rose from the Committee of the Whole House on the state of the Union to report H.R. He is often referred to as Trump's right-hand man. $97,069. Dr. Jill Biden has 12 staffers including press, communication, and advance trip directors; media coordinators and schedulers. President Donald Trump earns $400,000 per year, while Vice President Mike Pence makes $230,700. $80,957. white house butler salary 2020marc d'amelio house address. Consistent with President Bidens commitment to transparency, this report is being publicly disclosed on our website as it is transmitted to Congress. The top two staffers with the highest salary, Cedric Richmond, Senior Adviser to the President, Louisa Terrell, Director of the Office of Legislative Affairs, Anthony Bernal, Assistant to the President and Adviser to the First Lady, Kate Bedingfield, White House Communications Director, Jen OMalley Dillon, Deputy Chief of Staff, Brian Deese, National Economic Council Head, Mike Donilon, Senior Adviser to the President, Anne E. Filipic, Director of the Office of Administration, AnnMarie Tomasini, Director of Oval Office Operations, Jonathan J. Finer, Principal Deputy National Security Adviser, Elizabeth D. Sherwood-Randall, Homeland Security Adviser, Cathy Russell, Director of the Office of Presidential Personnel, Julissa Reynoso, Chief of Staff to the First Lady, Steve Ricchetti, Counselor to the President. In 2009, former First Lady Michelle Obama facedcriticism for her twenty-four assistants, advisors, aides, and social secretaries. enva un correo electrnico a Aydanos a proteger Glassdoor verificando que eres una persona real. INTERAGENCY COORDINATION, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY COUNSEL TO THE Think you know the White House? When former President Barack Obama stepped into office, First Lady Michelle Obama wanted a hive to help pollinate her beloved garden. Emma Doyle works closely with Mick Mulvaney, the president's chief of staff. President Trump's White House employs over 400 employees and all of them earn vastly different salaries. Sarah Huckabee Sanders stepped down as press secretary in 2019, and now, Stephanie Grisham has taken on the role. (SearchBidens White House payroll and Trumps four years posted at OpenTheBooks.com.). Nous sommes dsols pour la gne occasionne. In conjunction with the report to Congress, the White House issued the following statement: In alignment with the presidents commitment to diversity and pay equity, the White House has taken significant steps to ensure the White House staff reflects the diversity of the country and the highest standards of economic and social justice for all.. You have JavaScript disabled. While most of Trump's advisors and secretaries earn $183,000 per year, some employees are earning much less than six figures despite working in the administration, according to the latest report on White House office personnel from June 28, 2019. In Trumps administration (2017), Mark House, Senior Policy Advisor, had a salary of $187,500. While Biden has put together one of the most diverse White House teams, that has not insulated him from criticism. Also, Bidens White House significantly reduced the gender pay gap to about 1% compared to Trumps 37% gender pay gap. In Obamas Administration (2009), David Marcozzi earned $193,000 on detail from Health and Human Services. 4.7 out of 5 stars . Glassdoor has salaries, wages, tips, bonuses, and hourly pay based upon employee reports and estimates. In Obamas first-year, David Axelrod, Rahm Emanuel and twenty others held the title with top pay of $172,000. We are sorry for the inconvenience. You have JavaScript disabled. Advertisement Employees Number 135 1 2 3 Advertisement Year: Lauren Egan is a White House reporter for NBC News based in Washington. DOMESTIC POLICY COUNCIL AND DIRECTOR OF BUDGET POLICY, ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR OF PRESIDENTIAL PERSONNEL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND ASSOCIATE COUNSEL TO Since 1995, the White House has been required to deliver a report to Congress listing the title and salary of every White House Office employee. These include: National Climate Advisor Regina McCarthy ($180,000) and a Special Envoy for Climate, John Kerry who is listed in press accounts, but doesnt appear in the payroll data. Women also make up approximately 60 percent of Biden's White House appointees and 56 percent of his senior staff. Ajude-nos a manter o Glassdoor seguro confirmando que voc uma pessoa de -The most highly compensated White House Biden staffer? Meanwhile, let us fill you in on why the White House is white. LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF Film and video editors that don't work at the White House typically make $86,830 per year, while producers and directors make $89,840. Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories, latest report on White House office personnel, Douglas Graham / Congressional Quarterly / Getty, wrote President Trump's first State of the Union address, leaving to start focusing on President Trumps' re-election campaign, President Trump's special assistant in 2017, she had to "stalk" the president to transcribe, Meet the 22 highest-paid White House staffers, who bring in $183,000 a year or more, The wildest and weirdest facts about the White House, from hauntings to hot tubs, 17 financial perks of being the president of the United States, Tiny-house owners are facing evictions or living under the radar because their homes are considered illegal in most parts of the US. Municipal Positions' Salaries. . A former White House butler who had a long career serving the most powerful men of the country has died. per informarci del problema. Average annual salary was $40,068 and median salary was $42,375. But not everyone who clocks in and out of the Washington, D.C. establishment is a politician. During their first years, Melania Trump employed five staffers while Dr. Jill Biden currently employs 12 dedicated staffers. ECONOMIC INITIATIVES, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS, DEPUTY DIRECTOR AND SENIOR ADVISOR FOR RECORDS MANAGEMENT, DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL PROJECTS FOR CABINET AFFAIRS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND SENIOR ASSOCIATE INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF INITIATIVES, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF WHITE In terms of top staffers Special Assistants there are 53 female ($6.3 million salaries) vs. 37 males ($4.4 million). Tiny houses are getting more expensive, and owners are struggling to afford them. Politico has reported that the president refers to Cipollone as "Mr. AILSA CHANG, HOST: And now we want to remember a . 347. Market data provided byFactset. He became junior butler under President Kennedy and says he dressed John Jr. for his father's funeral in 1963. While some of their salaries are reasonable (depending on office hours etc - which varies for each government official) some of them are actually banking. First Lady staff counts in their first year. PERSONNEL, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR Since 1995, Congress has required the White House to deliver a report to Congress annually on July 1 listing the title and salary of every White House Office employee. , Strong winds blow tree down on carport Huntsville, More lawsuits possible in Jack Daniels barrel house, TN democrats frustrated with abortion-measures delay, Two EF1 Tornadoes Confirmed in Jackson County, Flood Warnings in effect through the weekend, Judge denies Mason Sisk supression request, ADEM announces new group to study response to fire, Shooting under investigation in Huntsville, 3 arrested for large quantity of methamphetamines, Thousands without power across North Alabama, PHOTOS: Storm damage, road closures across North, Decatur man arrested on drug trafficking charges, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. (AP Photo/Alex Brandon, File), GET FOX BUSINESS ON THE GO BY CLICKING HERE, Assistant to the president, White House deputy chief of staff for communications - $183,000. When you hear someone say they work in the White House, you generally think of the office of the president and a building teeming with folks working on legislation, foreign and domestic affairs, and politics in general. INTERGOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY COUNSEL TO THE He recalled, "I had a good relationship with all the butlers. (AP Photo/Patrick Seman, Assistant to the president and senior advisor to the president for policy - $183,000, Assistant to the president for trade and manufacturing policy, In this June 18, 2020, file photo White House trade adviser Peter Navarro speaks with reporters at the White House in Washington. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), 12 of the strangest gifts ever given to U.S. presidents. Find out 13 things people get wrong about impeachment. produced the most United States presidents in history. The annual payroll report details the staffers names and associated salaries, which will cost the American taxpayers $49.6 million this year. Grisham used to be the deputy chief of staff for the First Lady, making $183,000. Nicole Frazier was hired in 2019 to fill the African American outreach role that was once held by Omarosa Manigault Newman before she was fired in 2017. 2020 : Trump's Leaner White House 2020 Payroll Saved Taxpayers $23.5 Million Since 2017 Follow me on Twitter or LinkedIn . Julissa Reynoso Pantaleon, Chief of Staff to the First Lady and White House Gender Policy co-chair ($180,000); Elizabeth Alexander, Director of Communications for the First Lady ($155,000); Carlos Elizondo, Social Secretary ($155,000) and Deputy Social Secretary, Liz Hart ($80,000), Press Secretary, Michael LaRosa, $100,000. Si continas recibiendo este mensaje, infrmanos del problema LEGAL AND IMMIGRATION POLICY, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF COMMUNICATIONS, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND SPECIAL COUNSEL TO THE Biden last week signed an executive order to advance diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility, and hired the White Houses first chief diversity and inclusion director. She would then choose ten of those letters to be included in the president's evening briefing book. Donald Trump was the first since John F. Kennedy to donate his pre-tax quarterly salary to government agencies. However, William Gribbin Jr., a special assistant to the president and speechwriter, makes $106,000 per year. Using OpenTheBooks.com as a resource, we compared several key metrics between the Trump and Biden administrations based on their first year as president. Now heres a job that didnt exist in the early days of the United States presidency. Women make up about 50.8% of the American population, according the 2019 U.S. Census, and they make up a 47.0% share within the labor force, as reported by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Next Post: Remarks by President Biden Before a Command Briefing from Incident Commander Mayor Daniella Levine Cava, Governor Ron DeSantis, Local Leaders, and First Responders, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/07/01/2021-annual-report-to-congress-on-white-house-staff/?utm_source=link, Office of the United States Trade Representative. However, Biden has czar(ed) up naming at least 21 czars to date, with plans to fill 55 positions. -Currently, there are 12staffers dedicated at least in part to Dr. Jill Biden vs. five staffers whoservedMelania Trump in her first year (FY2017). Otherwise, they are put in the National Archives, which is why its so important for a White House staffer to keep track of the many things procured during each term. Why Do Law Enforcers Keep Stealing Forfeiture Funds? (Photo by Alex Wong/Getty Images). Ketia Daniel, founder of BHM Cleaning Co., is BestReviews cleaning expert. looks on during his inauguration on the West Front of the U.S. Capitol on January 20, 2021 in Washington, DC. The office also addresses envelopes using calligraphy one time having to address almost 20,000 envelopes. Legal Statement. All inflation adjusted numbers cited use the US Inflation Calculator. HOUSE PERSONNEL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF Travel agents and planners who don't work at the White House typically make $42,720 per year. The Director of the White House Travel Office makes substantially more at $106,000. Following tradition, Dr. Jill Biden isnt paid as First Lady. None of these appear in the payroll disclosure. Downing. Search the salaries of White House personnel (2017-2021), here. The top paid is Molly Groom ($185,656), Policy Advisor For Immigration, a crisis issue for the administration. Fifty-six percent of President Joe Bidens senior White House staff are women, of which 36% are from ethnically and racially diverse backgrounds, according to Fox News. POLICY COUNCIL, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND SENIOR COUNSELOR, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR PRESIDENTIAL ADVANCE, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE American Enterprise Institute analyzed payroll gaps and found President Trump reported a 37% gender pay gap, and President Obama reported a 16% pay gap during their first years. Theres a lot of landscaping to do in order to keep up the White Houses curb appeal, making the Head Gardener position an important job. PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF TO THE WHITE HOUSE COUNSEL, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND STRATEGIST, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF TO THE Powered and implemented byFactSet Digital Solutions. Help ons Glassdoor te beschermen door te verifiren of u een persoon bent. Wilson Jerman, a man who worked in the White House for 55 years throughout 11 presidential administrations, has died of COVID-19 at the age of 91. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that women make up approximately 50.8% of the overall U.S. population and count for 47% of the labor force. 13 things that must happen when a president dies. PRESIDENT, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND ADVISOR FOR STRATEGY President Trump's daughter, Ivanka, is an advisor to the president but makes zero dollars from the role. POLITICAL AFFAIRS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF Depending on the day, being the Director of the White House Comment Line sounds like an absolutely thankless job. INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR These are 12 of the strangest gifts ever given to U.S. presidents. THE PRESIDENT, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR JUSTICE AND HOMELAND The salaries range from. Grisham continues to be the First Lady's spokesperson. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. How much do The White House employees make? More than a dozen listed employees earn no salary at all, most of whom serve in an advisory role on the President's Commission on the Supreme Court. SECURITY POLICY, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR FOR WHITE HOUSE COUNCIL ON NATIVE AMERICAN This person is responsible for conveying the presidents message across digital platforms, relaying pertinent information through all these official White House channels. ADVISOR FOR STRATEGY, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF TO THE FIRST The average salary for women in the administration is $93,752, while men average $94,639, representing about a 1% pay gap. People who are part of a racially or ethnically diverse community make up 44 percent of all Biden appointees at the White House and 36 percent of senior staff, according to the fact sheet. Washington, DC 20500. White House Butler . This is an approximate 1% gender pay gap for the Biden administration. David Kalbaugh, the current executive clerk, is responsible for reviewing and preparing documents such as executive orders, bills, and messages. This year, Trump further honed the White House payroll and saved taxpayers $2.35 million year over year: $42.1 million (FY2019) to $39.7 million (FY2020), adjusted for inflation. Wilson Roosevelt Jerman, a former White House butler who worked under 11 US Presidents, has died after contracting coronavirus. Morrison is in charge of every confection served in the residence for State Dinners and private events. How much do White House employees earn on average in the United States? More than a dozen listed employees earn no salary at all, most of whom serve in an advisory role on the President's Commission on the Supreme Court. The base salary for Fire Inspector ranges from $61,873 to $97,069 with the average base salary of $80,957. Like most presidents, Joe Biden doesnt donate his salary. That compares with a 37% gender pay gap in President Donald Trumps administration during his first year in office, while President Barack Obamas pay gap was 16% at the same point in his presidency, according to an American Enterprise Institute analysis of staff salaries. NJ.com released a list of the states 29 biggest towns and what their mayors get paid and while some yearly earnings are high, some are shockingly low with a salary of $0. Business Based on 60 salaries President 22 salaries Director 12 salaries View More Administrative Based on 27 salaries Staff Assistant 9 salaries Special Assistant 4 salaries View More The White House 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Demetrius Freeman / The Washington Post via Getty Images, VP Harris touts America's efforts on gender equality. No, this isnt a personal shopper, though heading up any kind of gift office sounds pretty fun. COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTOR, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF WHITE Aiutaci a proteggere Glassdoor dimostrando che sei una persona reale. When youre the president, you need stenographers following you around to make note of your every word. enviando un correo electrnico a PRESIDENTIAL PERSONNEL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR HEALTH POLICY, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL (NEXSTAR) Some of the best-known names in the West Wing of the White House are taking home the maximum staff salary, according to documents released by the Biden administration this week. The White House released Friday its annual report listing the salaries of all 468 of its employees. Since then, she has been named as a counselor to the president and often makes television appearances. The White House released a list of employees' salaries in June. ShawnYancy (@Fox5Shawn) May 20, 2020. Contributing to this amount are the 22 staffers who bring in $180,000 a year. Individual salaries will, of course, vary depending on the job, department, location, as well as the individual skills and education of each employee. Here are the salaries of some of the administration's most recognizable staffers. Vice President Mike Pence earns $235,100 a year. ein Mensch und keine Maschine sind. Lamentamos pelo inconveniente. Others include Jeff Zients ($36,000), the COVID-19 czar. In 2018, Mick Mulvaney was chosen as the acting chief of staff. The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 WH.gov. para nos informar sobre o problema. excuses voor het ongemak. OFFICE, DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CORRESPONDENCE AND DIRECTOR OF WRITERS, DIRECTOR OF WHITE HOUSE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM AND VOLUNTEERS, URBAN AFFAIRS AND REVITALIZATION POLICY ADVISOR, RECORDS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS SPECIALIST, ASSISTANT TO THE EXECUTIVE CLERK FOR LEGISLATION, SUPERVISOR FOR RECORDS MANAGEMENT CLASSIFICATION, DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF ADVANCE FOR THE FIRST LADY, EDUCATION, WOMEN AND FAMILIES, AND WORKFORCE POLICY ADVISOR, DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF WHITE HOUSE TRAVEL OFFICE, DIRECTOR OF SPECIAL PROJECTS FOR CORRESPONDENCE, ASSISTANT TO THE OFFICE OF AMERICAN INNOVATION, DIRECTOR OF AGENCY OUTREACH FOR CABINET AFFAIRS, DIRECTOR OF AGENCY LIAISON FOR CORRESPONDENCE, ASSISTANT PRESS SECRETARY AND SENIOR WRITER, DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR BUY AMERICAN/HIRE AMERICAN, DIRECTOR OF DIGITAL RESPONSE FOR CORRESPONDENCE, DIRECTOR OF STUDENT AND CHILDRENS CORRESPONDENCE, RESEARCH ASSISTANT AND EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT, ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL Butler, Nicole C. EMPLOYEE Per Annum ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Washington, DC 20500. The average salary for women in the. This years list of key advisors includes names such as Ron Klain (Chief of Staff), Susan Rice (Domestic Policy Council), Jennifer Psaki (Press Secretary), and Kate Bedingfield (Communications Director), Mike Donilon (Senior Advisor), and Steve Ricchetti (Counselor). COMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT FOR OPERATIONS, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND ADVISOR FOR PLANNING, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW SECRETARY, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF OVAL OFFICE Laura Bush had a staff of eighteen. This person also serves as director of volunteers and greetings for presidential correspondence, earning $71,900. Women also make up approximately. Trump and Biden equally had 22 assistants to the President. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND HUMAN CAPITAL, SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF OF STAFF FOR overseeing the Administration's efforts to streamline the Federal Government's regulatory process and modernize its technology systems," according to the White House website. One senior travel manager makes $64,400 and a trip manager earns $72,700. $61 k. $79 k. $97 k. $61,873. The coronavirus pandemic has exacerbated the wage gap, according the Labor Department. White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany speaks during a news conference, Monday, June 8, 2020, at the White House in Washington. One research associate in the White House, Macy Mount, earns $57,510 annually. "I was the one who taught little John John how to salute like that." scusiamo se questo pu causarti degli inconvenienti. The Director of Video Production makes $106,000, while a senior videographer earns $80,000. Top . Includes base and annual incentives. Onze CNN After four decades, William "Buddy" Carter - one of the longest serving White House butlers - is set to retire at the end of the week, three people familiar with the matter tell CNN. 2021 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff - The White House July 01, 2021 2021 Annual Report to Congress on White House Staff Briefing Room Statements and Releases Since 1995,. $100 billion in government ownership of broadband. The second highest paid is Elizabeth Hone ($183,164), Senior Policy Advisor For Broadband. Here are some key findings from our auditors at OpenTheBooks.com: -There are 190 more employees on White House staff under Biden thanunderTrump (377) and 80 more than under Obama (487) at this point in their respective presidencies. The clerk acts as a middle man for official documents sent between Congress and the president. The first salary tally of the Biden administration showed significant changes compared to the Trump administration and revealed the most expensive payroll in White House history with 22 staffers earning $180,000 a year. Attorney.". On the other hand, operation managers who don't work at the White House typically take home $123,880 per year. NAME STATUS SALARY PAY BASIS POSITION TITLE For Official Use Only EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS ON WHITE HOUSE OFFICE PERSONNEL WHITE HOUSE OFFICE As of Date: Friday, June 26, 2020 For Official Use Only Page 1 of 18. . Ensuring decorum and cultivating a welcoming environment for White House events, social aides are traditionally members of the military. SENATE DEPUTY DIRECTOR, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF THE The administration proposed $100 billion in government ownership of broadband. Five of the employees also serve the president in some capacity. OPERATIONS, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF POLITICAL The records management analyst is responsible for "analyzing documents, scanning, and indexing them" and "tracking them to offices and agencies within the Executive Office of the President and the rest of the federal government," according to the job description. MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION AND DIRECTOR OF THE OFFICE OF Frank is a senior reporter at Insider, covering alternative living, travel, entertainment, and the LGBTQ community. NATIONAL ECONOMIC COUNCIL AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, DEPUTY ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND DIRECTOR OF chief communications officer at the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, Czwartacki acts as an important advisor to Mulvaney. ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF STRATEGIST AND SENIOR The highest-paid White House employees, including Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany and economic adviser Larry Kudlow,make $183,000 per year. analyzing documents, scanning, and indexing them" and "tracking them to offices and agencies within the Executive Office of the President and the rest of the federal government," according to the job description. The Associated Press contributed to this report.
