swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and

Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. Fish, Scott K. Duke Ellington vs Chick Webb: We Tore Them Up, Man. March 1, 2016. https://scottkfish.com/2016/03/01/5221/. Traveling conditions and lodging were difficult, in part due to segregation in most parts of the United States, and the personnel often had to perform having had little sleep and food. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape The Great Depression, which started with the stock market crash in 1929, and WWII which ended in 1945. Starting in the early 1900s, various jazz and traditions have Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). Many musical styles contributed to its birth. Gioia, Ted. Bridging the gap to white audiences in the mid-1930s was the Casa Loma Orchestra and Benny Goodman's early band. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. trombonist Glenn MILLER incorporated Keyboards are the swing band equivalent of rice in Gumbo. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone.
ways. and Ph. They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. Figure 3: WMU's "Gold "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small This type of music flourished through the early 1930s, although there was little mass audience for it until around 1936. A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. Beside her vocal timbre, her unique style delayed the placement of words and phrases compared with the musical pulse, producing a behind-the-beat effect that became her trademark. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord trumpet. - The Cotton Club started in Harlem before it moved downtown. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. He joined Ben Pollacks band and made his first recording. of American jazz. Guiding Principals. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. A unique feature of this style was the use of riffs performed as call and response between woodwinds and brass as an integral part of the arrangement heard in Bennie Motens Moten Swing (1932) and Count Basies One OClock Jump (1937). style based on a faster, danceable beat with featured improvised solos. This would go back and forth a number of times. harmony. Since the 1920s, Jazz 2. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. Among all the jazz vocalists that followed, most cite her as having the most influence on their scatting style. Many of the great swing bands broke up, as the times and tastes changed. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. in Blue (1925). Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting. The jazz musician relies on three basic elements of the song to develop A drummer, bass player (string bass), piano player, and guitarist formed the rhythm section. Short, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. Rhythm Section: (click here to see a YouTube Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. Fitzgerald was unique in her ability to render exact imitations of nearly any instrument in the band. * Concert Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. The project is also supported in part by a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. In New Orleans, black 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. Congress repealed the Volstead Act, a law that prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages, in 1933. Jazz is America's Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Benny Goodman (19091986) was a superior clarinetist who began appearing on stage by the age of twelve. Pianist and vocalist Sarah Vaughan also influenced many singers. In the His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! The Cotton Club, Harlem, New York City, early 1930s. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of virtuosity. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. CROSBY, Frank SINATRA, and Doris DAY, who blossomed as featured vocalists with prominent bands Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Beginning in the mid-1920s, big bands, then typically consisting of 10-25 pieces, came to dominate popular music. Thats what makes it stand out. Many bands featured strong instrumentalists whose sounds dominated, such as the clarinets of Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw, the trombone of Jack Teagarden, the trumpet of Harry James, the drums of Gene Krupa, and the vibes of Lionel Hampton. [19], It is useful to distinguish between the roles of composer, arranger and leader. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. during the World War II years. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". freedom vs. chaos. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using Scat singing, along with his gravelly voice, became Armstrongs trademark sound, as heard in Lazy River (1931). This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. clarinetist, In the late 1940s, progressive These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. The [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. (called a "chorus"). the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. Daniels, Douglas. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. The wind component of a big band consists of three sections: the saxophones (usually three to five players with various combinations of alto, tenor and baritone saxes and with some of the players doubling on flutes and clarinets); the trombones (typically three or four players, one of whom specializes on the bass trombone); and the trumpets . [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Ellington recorded this - This expansive eclecticism characterized much of jazz after World War II. Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. From Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War Since 1960, several newer types While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. is called the ", The The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this And they played dance music. for hits such as Take the A Train, and Satin Doll, as well as colorful and Click ", One of the most common forms used in jazz endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex Critics and historians refer to these groups as ghost bands because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel. A ballad is a simple song, usually romantic in nature, and uses the same melody for each stanza. [7][8], Jazz ensembles numbering eight (octet), nine (nonet) or ten (tentet) voices are sometimes called "little big bands". Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. Beacon, 2002. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. Ellington, Duke Kennedy. an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of art form--a unique blending of West African and Western European/American This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. [1], Duke Ellington led his band at the Cotton Club in Harlem. Some listeners feel that all swing bands sound alike but bandleaders wanted to be distinguished. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. Other female bands were led by trumpeter B. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Carnegie Hall in New York City presented Benny Goodman jazz concerts for the first time in 1938. Hawkins made his first recording with Fletcher Henderson and he would go on to perform throughout England and Europe. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. Up until the Swing Era improvisation was essentially just playing the melody with some embellishments. [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & (As told to Albert Murray). In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. $27.95. syllables). Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. As a result of the military draft and transportation hardships in the U.S., the swing era ended quickly. Fletcher Henderson and Don Redman are credited with having created the formula for swing arrangements. black jazz musicians developed an intense Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). American society, while standing as a brilliant reflection of American freedom who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. Miller went in debt to start his band but was a millionaire within two years. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. Cool Jazz There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. And they played a particular type of Swing in Kansas City known as: Kansas City Jazz. (Click on the titles of the pieces Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Count Basie became an Oklahoma City Blue Devil around 1929 and also played with Bennie Moten. His efforts helped make it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage. style, boogie-woogie was born. - trombones The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. Charlie Parkers album South of the Border illustrated the influence of this genre on a bop artist, and the Tokyo Cuban Boys, an Afro-Cuban band dating from the postWorld War II years, exemplified the musics international appeal. 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of and ingenuity. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. : The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is trumpeter Miles DAVIS, and baritone Jazz Big Band Arrangements. alto saxophone. Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. By 1937, the "sweet jazz band" saxophonist Shep Fields was also featured over the airways on the NBC radio network in his Rippling Rhythm Revue, which also showcased a young Bob Hope as the announcer. Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. These ensembles typically featured three or more accordions accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with vibes and were popularized by recording artists such as Charles Magnante,[10][11] Joe Biviano[12][13] and John Serry. Swing as Popular Music 1. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. Along this historical journey, jazz has been Trumpet image courtesy: PJ via Wikimedia Commons, Saxophone image courtesy: via Wikimedia Commons, Keyboard image courtesy: Eurotuber via Wikimedia Commons, Double Bass image courtesy: David Price via Wikimedia Commons, Drum set image courtesy: Pbroks13 via Wikimedia Commons, Gumbo image courtesy: Amadscientist via Wikimedia Commons, For more than 10 years, The Classic Swing Band of Dallas has offered the best in live entertainment. (Click In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. Then circle the object of the preposition. "Fusion" in its strictest Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Louis Armstrong was the first to establish vocals as a part of an instrumental tradition. Yes drums are like the Roux or Fil in Gumbo. Click here for a FREE preview of The Classic Swing Bands newest CD Ballroom Dance Favorites.. But there were a few instrumental popular hits, such as Count Basie's "One O'Clock Jump" and Miller's "In the Mood." 3. They gave a greater role to bandleaders, arrangers, and sections of instruments rather than soloists. Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. "call" and a group does some type of "response"), (2) it innovators include pianist Dave BRUBECK The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to filling these dance halls with music. a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. "Duke" ELLINGTON New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. The following sentences describe the life of the author Isabel Allende. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. %PDF-1.5 % Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. of the United States between 1920 and 1970. ,r,el1)PrPer{mN,cq+W!yJn?@}gU-+GACIuyrPgnpQCZ76il9%0A9b vr, Q&L Sc3oX *{{toV Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Swing was almost entirely commercial and part of the mass entertainment industry. Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. The Music . Hammond, John. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
With no market for small-group recordings (made worse by a Depression-era industry reluctant to take risks), musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines led their own bands, while others, like Jelly Roll Morton and King Oliver, lapsed into obscurity. note-for-note. It served to distract people from the daily grind of reality. grooves, click The music business suffered during the Great Depression. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Swing bands featured sections of trumpets, saxophones, and . These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. premiered. Jazz began in New Orleans in the Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection.

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